蛋白质晶体的物理性质及其鉴别方法研究进展

蛋白质晶体由蛋白质分子有序排列的框架组成,其内部富含溶剂（水）分子,外观形貌多种多样,其物理性质与常规固态晶体相比有很大不同。我们针对蛋白质晶体的一些物理性质（包括低密度、机械性能、声学、热学、光学等性质）,进行了研究进展评述,并根据蛋白质晶体的特殊物理性质,评述了人们发展出的从蛋白质结晶液中区分蛋白质晶体的方法。     

氮磷添加与不同栽植密度交互对樟树幼苗土壤化学性质的短期影响

研究氮磷添加对不同密度樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)幼苗土壤化学性质的影响,以期为全球化背景下樟树人工林生态系统的土壤养分管理提供依据。以1年生樟树幼苗为试验材料,选择氯化铵(NH4Cl)作为氮肥模拟大气氮沉降,以二水合磷酸二氢钠(NaH_2PO_4·2H_2O)模拟磷添加。氮磷处理设置CK、施N、施P和施N+P 4个水平,其中N、P和N+P施肥量分别为40 g m~(-2)a~(-1)(NH_4Cl)、20 g m-2a-1(NaH_2PO_4·2H_2O)和40g m~(-2)a~(-1)(NH_4Cl)+20 g m~(-2)a~(-1)(NaH_2PO_4·2H_2O)。种植密度设置4个水平:10、20、40和80株/m~2,试验时间为2017年6月至9月。研究结果表明,在各密度幼苗土壤中,N和N+P处理引起pH值的显著下降,N、P和N+P处理的土壤有机质和碱解N含量的变化规律不明显,P处理的幼苗土壤全P含量上升,P和N+P处理的土壤有效P含量增加,N+P处理的土壤全K含量以及N、P和N+P处理的土壤速效K含量均下降。在10、20和40株/m~2幼苗的土壤中,P处理的土壤全N含量高于N和N+P处理的,而80株/m~2幼苗的土壤全N含量低于其他密度幼苗。随着种植密度的增加,各施肥处理的土壤pH、全P、有效P、全K和速效K含量均呈现上升趋势,而施N和施P处理的土壤有机质呈现下降趋势,各施肥处理的土壤碱解N含量变化规律不明显。施肥和密度处理对樟树幼苗土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量有显著的交互作用。     

镉胁迫对紫花苜蓿幼苗生理特性和镉富集的影响

以"甘农三号"紫花苜蓿幼苗为材料,在水培条件下,探究了在10 d内不同浓度(0～2.0 mmol·L^-1)镉(Cd)胁迫对其根长、茎长、生物量、叶绿素和丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性、Cd富集及其亚细胞分布的影响。结果表明:低浓度(0.125 mmol·L^-1) Cd能促进幼苗根和茎的生长,增加叶片叶绿素含量,较高浓度(0.5～2.0 mmol·L^-1) Cd显著抑制幼苗根和茎的生长,叶绿素及生物量显著降低; Cd胁迫使MDA含量显著增加,而SOD和POD活性显著增强,其中Cd胁迫浓度为0.5mmol·L^-1时,SOD和POD活性达到最大值,这可能是植物对环境胁迫的一种应激保护反应; Cd在各亚细胞组分中的含量依次为细胞壁>细胞质>线粒体>叶绿体,且均随Cd胁迫浓度的升高而增加。当Cd胁迫浓度为0.125 mmol·L^-1时,水培10 d的紫花苜蓿幼苗单株地上部对Cd的净化率最高可达0.214%,而整盆植株在单位体积内对Cd的净化率最高可达15.5%;当Cd胁迫浓度为2.0 mmol·L^-1时,紫花苜蓿幼苗地上部Cd含量达89.36μg·g-1。这些结果表明紫花苜蓿对Cd具有很强的富集能力,虽未达到Cd超富集植物的临界标准,但从植株生物量、耐Cd能力、富集Cd量及对Cd的净化率等方面综合考虑,紫花苜蓿在Cd污染土壤的植物修复中具备良好的应用价值。     

冻融作用对土壤理化性质及风水蚀影响研究进展

冻融侵蚀在我国分布范围广,是主要土壤侵蚀类型之一,而冻融作用与其他营力复合进行侵蚀的分布范围比单纯的冻融侵蚀更广,所造成的危害也更大.本文基于国内外已有研究成果,总结评述了冻融作用对土壤理化性质及风蚀和水蚀影响的相关研究进展.冻融条件下,土壤水分发生运移,结构被破坏,土壤孔隙度、容重、抗剪强度、团聚体稳定性和有机质等理化性质均发生变化,其变化趋势和幅度与土壤质地、冻融程度有关.冻融作用通过改变土壤理化性质,增加土壤可蚀性,从而影响土壤风蚀和水蚀发生及过程,导致侵蚀强度增大.目前,冻融研究以室内模拟为主,与野外实际冻融过程差异较大,且由于试验条件不同,得到的结论无法统一,甚至相反.因此,通过室内模拟与野外实测相结合,加强冻融条件下土壤侵蚀机理研究是下一步的重点,这对季节性冻融区解冻期侵蚀预报和防治具有重要意义.     

深松和秸秆还田对甘肃引黄灌区土壤物理性状和玉米生产的影响

通过在甘肃引黄灌区灰钙土2015—2017年的田间试验,研究深松35 cm秸秆还田、深松35 cm秸秆不还田与传统旋耕秸秆不还田对土壤紧实度、容重、入渗率和0～100 cm土层土壤水分、玉米产量、养分吸收量的影响.结果表明: 与深松35 cm秸秆不还田及旋耕秸秆不还田相比,深松35 cm秸秆还田使0～40 cm土层土壤紧实度和容重降低最明显,2017年收获后紧实度与容重较2015年试验前分别下降42.6%、7.0%,且2016和2017年播种前与收获后0～40 cm土层紧实度和容重的变幅最小,紧实度变异系数平均为6.1%,容重为3.2%,土壤入渗率较旋耕秸秆不还田提高33.6%;深松35 cm秸秆还田可显著提高春秋两季0～100 cm土层剖面含水量,降低剖面水分变异,0～100 cm土层土壤贮水量较旋耕秸秆不还田春季增加15.5%,秋季增加5.6%,水分利用效率提高32.4%;此外,深松35 cm秸秆还田能促进玉米生产,较旋耕秸秆不还田的经济产量两年平均分别增产25.6%,生物产量提升33.3%,玉米氮、磷、钾养分吸收量分别提高49.6%、51.5%和37.6%.综上,深松35 cm秸秆还田能改善物理土壤特性,稳定耕层物理性状,提高0～100 cm土层剖面水分含量及春秋两季土壤平均贮水量,降低水分变异,是促进玉米水肥高效利用,实现高产的最优措施,为甘肃引黄灌区耕层构建技术的深入研究提供理论依据.     

3种卫矛属植物叶片秋冬季转色期生理生化特征研究

以疏花卫矛(Euonymus laxiflorus)、丝棉木(E.maackii)和卫矛(E.alatus)3种卫矛属植物为试验材料,测定叶片转色期叶色参数和相关生理生化指标,探讨各项指标的变化规律和内在联系,为优良色叶植物的筛选提供依据。结果表明:(1)转色期,疏花卫矛的明亮度参数L~*和色素参数b~*(黄/蓝)呈上升趋势,色素参数a~*(红/绿)变化不大;丝棉木的L~*和b~*呈先上升后下降的单峰曲线,a~*呈上升趋势;卫矛的L~*和b~*变化不大,a~*呈上升趋势。(2)3种植物的叶绿素含量在转色期呈明显下降趋势;疏花卫矛的花色素苷相对含量、花色素苷/叶绿素的值较为平稳,类胡萝卜素/叶绿素的值呈上升趋势;丝棉木和卫矛的花色素苷相对含量、花色素苷/叶绿素的值均呈上升趋势,类胡萝卜素/叶绿素的值保持平稳。(3)3种植物苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性呈下降趋势,查尔酮异构酶(CHI)活性呈先上升后下降的单峰曲线;卫矛的过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性保持平稳,疏花卫矛和丝棉木的POD活性呈上升趋势,疏花卫矛的PPO活性保持平稳,丝棉木的PPO活性呈下降趋势。(4)疏花卫矛和卫矛的可溶性糖和淀粉的质量分数呈先上升后下降的单峰曲线,丝棉木的可溶性糖和淀粉的质量分数呈上升趋势。(5)相关性分析显示,疏花卫矛呈现黄色主要是因为叶绿素的分解,丝棉木和卫矛呈现红色是因为花色素苷的合成,可溶性糖、淀粉、CHI对花色素苷的合成有一定作用,POD对叶片呈现红色有促进作用,PAL和PPO活性对花色素苷的合成无显著影响。     

Investigating seed dormancy in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.): understanding the physiological changes in embryo during after‐ripening and germination

• The dormancy of seeds of upland cotton can be broken during dry after‐ripening, but the mechanism of its dormancy release remains unclear.
• Freshly harvested cotton seeds were subjected to after‐ripening for 180 days. Cotton seeds from different days of after‐ripening (DAR) were sampled for dynamic physiological determination and germination tests. The intact seeds and isolated embryos were germinated to assess effects of the seed coat on embryo germination. Content of H₂O₂ and phytohormones and activities of antioxidant enzymes and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase were measured during after‐ripening and germination.
• Germination of intact seeds increased from 7% upon harvest to 96% at 30 DAR, while embryo germination improved from an initial rate of 82% to 100% after 14 DAR. Based on T₅₀ (time when 50% of seeds germinate) and germination index, the intact seed and isolated embryo needed 30 and 21 DAR, respectively, to acquire relatively stable germination. The content of H₂O₂ increased during after‐ripening and continued to increase within the first few hours of imbibition, along with a decrease in abscisic acid (ABA) content. A noticeable increase was observed in gibberellic acid content during germination when ABA content decreased to a lower level. Coat removal treatment accelerated embryo absorption of water, which further improved the accumulation of H₂O₂ and changed peroxidase content during germination.
• For cotton seed, the alleviation of coat‐imposed dormancy required 30 days of after‐ripening, accompanied by rapid dormancy release (within 21 DAR) in naked embryos. H₂O₂ acted as a core link between the response to environmental changes and induction of other physiological changes for breaking seed dormancy.

     

Nutrient addition does not increase the benefits of clonal integration in an invasive plant spreading from open patches into plant communities

• One benefit of clonal integration is that resource translocation between connected ramets enhances the growth of the ramets grown under stressful conditions, but whether such resource translocation reduces the performance of the ramets grown under favourable conditions has not produced consistent results. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that resource translocation to recipient ramets may reduce the performance of donor ramets when resources are limiting but not when resources are abundant.
• We grew Mikania micrantha stolon fragments (each consisting of two ramets, either connected or not connected) under spatially heterogeneous competition conditions such that the developmentally younger, distal ramets were grown in competition with a plant community and the developmentally older, proximal ramets were grown without competition. For half of the stolon fragments, slow‐release fertiliser pellets were applied to both the distal and proximal ramets.
• Under both the low and increased soil nutrient conditions, the biomass, leaf number and stolon length of the distal ramets were higher, and those of the proximal ramets were lower when the stolon internode was intact than when it was severed. For the whole clone, the biomass, leaf number and stolon length did not differ between the two connection treatments. Connection did not change the biomass of the plant communities competing with distal ramets of M. micrantha.
• Although clonal integration may promote the invasion of M. micrantha into plant communities, resource translocation to recipient ramets of M. micrantha will induce a cost to the donor ramets, even when resources are relatively abundant.

     

Morphological and functional seed traits of the wild medicinal plant Dioscorea strydomiana,the most threatened yam in the world

• Morphological and functional seed traits have important roles in characterising the species regeneration niche and help to understand the reproductive biology of rare and threatened plants, which can thus support appropriate plant conservation measures.
• Seed morphometric and dispersal kinetics of the critically endangered Dioscorea strydomiana were measured and compared with those of four other Dioscorea species, and seed germination response under constant temperatures (5–35 °C) was compared with that of the congeneric and widespread D. sylvatica.
• Seed mass of D. strydomiana (ca. 14 mg) was twice that of D. sylvatica, but similar to or smaller than the other species examined. Seeds of D. strydomiana have the lowest speed of descent and lowest variability in most of the morphological traits considered, suggesting lower phenotypic plasticity but higher variance in the wing‐loading value. Seeds of D. strydomiana reached maximum germination at 15 °C (ca. 47%), which decreased slightly to ca. 37% at 25 °C and was completely inhibited at 35 °C. D. sylvatica seeds started to germinate at 10 °C (ca. 3%), reached 75–80% germination at 15–20 °C and maximum (ca. 90%) at 25–30 °C. Base temperatures for germination (T_b) were 9.3 and 5.7 °C, for D. strydomiana and D. sylvatica, respectively. Due to the higher germination percentages of D. sylvatica, ceiling and optimum temperatures could also be modelled for this species, suggesting higher sensitivity to high temperature for seeds of D. strydomiana.
• The detected poor seed lot quality of D. strydomiana suggests difficulties in reproduction from seed, highlighting the need for further investigation and conservation actions for this threatened yam species.

     

PEG模拟干旱条件下木麻黄幼苗的生理变化

以木麻黄Casuarina equisetifolia15个家系品种为材料,利用聚乙二醇6000(PEG-6000)模拟水分胁迫环境,设置三个胁迫强度处理(轻度、中度、重度胁迫),研究受胁迫2月龄木麻黄幼苗丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、脯氨酸含量的变化。结果表明,经干旱胁迫处理后,各家系幼苗叶片MDA含量随胁迫强度增大而增大,但增幅差异较大;不同干旱胁迫水平下,各家系SOD活性存在一定差异;重度胁迫条件下,除粤杂交家系外,其余家系脯氨酸含量与对照相比均为显著增加。采用主成分分析法进行抗旱性综合评价,表明MDA含量是反映水分胁迫最重要的指标。各指标综合分析结果表明,家系701、莆20、抗3、惠2、南山7和东山2抗旱性能力较好;东山短、601、59、A13抗旱能力一般;千头、粤杂交、抗1、龙4和平5抗旱能力较差。